Tuesday, November 19, 2024

How should we talk about belief in God? Part 1

Like I imagine how a lot of other people feel, I am not satisfied with typical designations like 'atheist', 'theist', and 'agnostic.' I feel like they leave too much out of the picture of a complicated issue.

In philosophy of religion, professional philosophers of religion usually define attitudes toward God's existence in the following way:

Atheist = Someone who believes there are no gods of any kind.

Theist = Someone who believes there is at least one god of some kind.

Agnostic = Someone who suspends judgment on whether there are any gods of any kind.

Paul Draper has some really good discussion over this topic: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/atheism-agnosticism/.

In popular circles, and online, usually you see self-described 'atheists' as describing themselves more like 'agnostic' above. Professional philosophers and lay folks use different definitions of 'atheism' in this way. (Ironically, I've seen many online atheists call it a mistake to define atheism in the way that professional philosophers define it.)

The problem with the above definitions is that someone could be agnostic with respect to one definition of 'God' while an atheist or theist with respect to another definition. So instead we might say:

Atheist = Someone who believes that God does not exist (with respect to some God G).

Theist = Someone who believes that God does exist (with respect to some God G).

Agnostic = Someone who suspends judgment on whether God exists (with respect to some God G).

So we have gone from a broad definition to a narrow one. Now it's a matter of defining in terms of this or that model of God. Here are some models of God (not exhaustive):

1) The God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and the Prophets (Judaism)

2) The God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, the Prophets, Jesus, and Paul (Christianity)

3) The God of Muhammad (Islam)

4) Qualityless, non-dual Brahman (Advaita Vedanta Hinduism)

5) Qualified, dual Brahman (Dvaita Vedanta Hinduism)

6) That than which none greater can be conceived (Perfect being theology / the greatest conceivable being / the maximally great being / the greatest possible being / perfection instantiated)

7) Classical theism

8) Neo-Classical theism

9) Pantheism

10) Panentheism

11) Deism

12) Pagan gods (Odin, Zeus, etc.)

13) The Tao

14) Plotinus' The One

15) Plato's The Good

16) John Hick's The Real

17) Apophatic theology

18) Process theism

Anyone can be an atheist, theist, agnostic, or innocent with respect to any model of God. Assent to one model of God may rationally commit you to assent to another model, and same for the inverse (dissent of one commits you to dissent of another).

So when it comes to positions on God's existence, I want to know the following:

1) Which model of God is under consideration? ("Do you believe in God?" – Do I believe in what?)

2) Which model of belief or other doxastic attitude with respect to this God is under consideration? ("Do you believe in God?" – Do I what in God?)

3) How do we score degrees of that doxastic attitude, or give context to it? (Does this person believe in God with certainty? Do they have a considered, well-informed view on the topic? – "Do you believe in God?" – Yes, I believe in God, and the reason why is... Or, No, I don't believe in God, but I haven't thought much about the topic... Or, I'm certain that God doesn't exist because... etc.)

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